Tetrachloroethene [1] (Perclone)
|
Number of the CASE: |
127-18-4 |
|
Name in the register: |
Tetrachloroethene |
|
Name of the substance: |
Tetrachloroethene |
|
Commercial synonyms, names: |
Perchlorethene, PER, ethene, tetrachloro, 1,1,2,2- tetrachloroethene, |
|
|
Cecolin 2, Dekapir 2, Digrisol, Dow-Per, Drosol, Dynaper, Etilin, Peran, |
|
|
Perawin, Perclone, Sirius 2, Tetralex, Tetralina, Ankliostin, Didakene, |
|
|
Nema, Perc and of many others. |
|
English name: |
Tetrachloroethene, Perchloroethene |
|
Name German: |
Tetrachlorethen, Perchlorethylen |
|
General description: |
Colourless liquid, of éthérée odor pointing out that of chloroform; the vapor is considerably heavier than the air. |
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPRIETES:
|
Empirical formula: |
C 2 Cl 4 |
|
Relative atomic mass: |
165,83 G |
|
Density: |
1,624 g/cm 3 with 20°C |
|
Density of gas: |
5,73 |
|
Not boiling: |
121,1°C |
|
Point melting: |
-23°C |
|
Vapor tension: |
18,9 hPa with 20°C; 32 hPa with 30°C; 84 hPa with 50°C |
|
Point flash: |
Nothing |
|
Olfactive threshold: |
0,3-5 mg/l in water, |
|
|
4,7-70 ppmv in the air. |
|
Solubility: |
In water: 129 mg/l; |
|
|
easily soluble in organic solvents. |
|
Conversion factors: |
1 ppm = 6,89 mg/m 3 |
|
|
1 mg/m 3 = 0,145 ppm |
ORIGIN AND USES
Uses:
The tetrachloroethene is a useful solvent. According to BGA (1988), 35% of the
produced quantities are used for the degreasing of metal parts, 50% for the
chemical cleaning of the textiles. According to LAY (1988), approximately 60-65%
are used for the treatment from metal surfaces and some 20% for chemical
cleaning. In order to often reduce the vapor tension, one there assistant of
the stabilizers of very heterogeneous chemical composition. The principal
products containing of tetrachloroethene are as follows: adhesives of contact,
grease-removers, products of décirage, waxings with shoes, pesticides for
gardens, produced for the cleaning of the mattresses, cushions and fitteds
carpet. In the majority of these products, the tetrachloroethene was replaced
by less toxic solvents.
Origine/fabrication:
The tetrachloroethene is manufactured by oxyhydrochloration, perchlorination
and/or deshydrochloration of hydrocarbons chlorinated or not.
FIGURES OF PRODUCTION:
|
World production |
1978-80 |
1.100.000 T |
(RIPPEN, 1989) |
|
World production |
1985 |
650.000 T |
(ULLMANN, 1986) |
|
EC |
1980 |
< 500.000 T |
(BGA, 1988) |
|
The USA |
1977 |
304.000 T |
(BGA, 1988) |
|
The USA |
1985 |
220.000 T |
(ULLMANN, 1986) |
|
D |
1979 |
113.000 T |
(BMI, 1985) |
|
D |
1985 |
110.000 T |
(ULLMANN, 1986) |
|
D |
1986 |
75.000 T |
(LAY, 1988) |
|
Japan |
1973 |
57.000 T |
(RIPPEN, 1989) |
|
France |
1981 |
26.000 T |
(RIPPEN, 1989) |
|
Mexico (importation.) |
1984 |
15.000 T |
(RIPPEN, 1989) |
|
Sweden |
1977 |
5.300 T |
(RIPPEN, 1989) |
TOXICITE:
|
Man: |
DL O 140 mg/m 3 (1,3 or 7,5 h/j p. 5 j/s) |
salt. WHO, 1984 |
|
Mammals: |
|
|
|
Mouse |
DL 50 8.000-11.000 mg/m 3 , v. oral |
salt. VERSCHUEREN, 1983 |
|
Mouse |
CL 100 135.000 mg/m 3 (2 H) |
salt. MALTONI and Al, 1986 |
|
Mouse |
CL 50 332.200 mg/m 3 (0,5 H) |
salt. MALTONI and Al, 1986 |
|
Rat |
Cen 475 mg/m 3 , inhalation (8 h/j for 5 j/s) |
salt. VERSCHUEREN, 1983 |
|
Rat |
DL 50 > 5.000 mg/kg, v. oral |
salt. VERSCHUEREN, 1983 |
|
Rat |
DL 50 13.000 mg/kg, v. oral (6 H) |
salt. WHO, 1984 |
|
Rat |
CL 100 20.000 ppm, inhalation (0,4 H) |
salt. MALTONI and Al, 1986 |
|
Rat |
CL 100 2.500 ppm, inhalation (7 H) |
salt. MALTONI and Al, 1986 |
|
Rabbit |
DL 20.000 ppm, inhalation (2 H) |
salt. MALTONI and Al, 1986 |
|
Guinea-pig |
CL 100 37.000 ppm, inhalation (0,67 H) |
salt. MALTONI and Al, 1986 |
|
Cat |
CLL 0 6 074 ppm, inhalation (2 H) |
salt. MALTONI and Al, 1986 |
|
Watery organizations: |
|
|
|
Daphnid |
CL 50 18 mg/l (48 H) |
salt. WHO, 1984 |
|
Daphnid |
Cen 10 mg/l (48 H) |
salt. WHO, 1984 |
|
Minnow of America |
CL 50 46 mg/l (24 H) |
salt. WHO, 1984 |
|
Large pole sun |
CL 50 13 mg/l (96 H) |
salt. WHO, 1984 |
Pathologie/Toxicology
Homme/mammifères: At the
man, the tetrachloroethene is reabsorbed by the skin because of its
grease-removing effect. Concentrations higher than 680 Mg/m 3 cause
irritations of the eyes and respiratory tracts, and a 45 minutes exposure to
concentrations of 4000-6780 Mg/m 3 involves an insensibilization of
fabrics. This substance acts on the central nervous system and causes
headaches, giddinesses and nauseas. The inhalation is often at the origin of
neurological disorders which can appear a long time after the exposure. The WHO
and the Company of German Research (DFG) classified tetrachloroethene among the
cancerogenic substances. Experiments carried out with yeast cells also revealed
mutagen effects; the teratogenicity and the fetotoxicity however were not shown
yet to date.
BEHAVIOR IN THE ENVIRONMENT
Aquatic environment: The
tetrachloroethene settles in water because of its tension of high vapor and its
low solubility in water. This is why, it can accumulate in the underground
tablecloths and surface waters. It is regarded as a dangerous substance for the
aquatic environment (class of risk WGK 3 in the Federal Republic of Germany).
It is toxic for the watery organizations and breaks up slowly in
trichloroacetic water in acid and hydrogen chloride. The tetrachloroethene
arrives in the aquatic environment through rejections of industrial effluents.
Atmosphere: Because of the high vapor
voltage of this substance, 80 to 90% of the emissions migrate in the atmosphere
where they are is widespread in way ubiquitaire. The tetrachloroethene can be
degraded by photolysis and undoubtedly contributes to the destruction of the
layer of ozone. An exchange occurs between the air and water, the passage
towards the atmosphere constituting the way of privileged reaction.
Grounds: The accumulation of
tetrachloroethene in the ground depends on the size of the particles of the
ground and the humic rate. A biological degradation occurs in the ground.
Strong concentrations are observed in the vicinity immediate of sources of
emission.
Half-life: The half-life for the
hydrolysis in ventilated aquatic environment is between 9 months and 6 years
(UBA, 1986); in troposphere, the half-life is of env. 12 weeks, and can, in the
event of reaction with radicals OH, to reach 8 weeks (UBA, 1986 and MALTONI and
Al, 1986). Persistence in the unsaturated water grounds is 2 to 18 months
(DVGW, 1985).
Degradation, products of decomposition: Degradation in the grounds is
carried out under the action of anaerobic micro-organisms methanogenes (UBA,
1986). In troposphere, the decomposition occurs by photo-oxidation by giving
rise to carbon dioxide and hydrogen chloride. In water, the tetrachloroethene
breaks up into acid trichloroacetic and hydrogen chloride (BGA, 1985). The
products of decomposition are as follows: phosgene, (COCl 2 ),
trichloroacétyle chloride and dichloracétyle chloride. In the human organism,
the tetrachloroethene is degraded in the liver.
Food chain: Tetrachloroethylene
accumulates moderately in lipophilic fabrics.
VALUES LIMIT POLLUTION
|
Medium |
Sector |
Country/organ. |
Statute |
Value |
Cat. |
Remarks |
Source |
|
|
Water: |
Water pot. |
D |
L |
0,01 mg/l |
|
|
salt. TVO, 1990 |
|
|
|
Water pot. |
EC |
G |
0,001 mg/l |
|
|
salt. Lau-bw, 1989 |
|
|
|
Water pot. |
WHO |
G |
0,01 mg/l |
|
|
salt. WHO, 1984 |
|
|
|
Water surfing. |
The USA |
|
0,02 mg/l |
|
|
salt. WHO, 1987 |
|
|
|
Effluents |
CH |
L |
0,05 mg/l |
|
For drinking water |
salt. Lau-bw, 1989 |
|
|
|
Effluents |
D |
L |
5 g/m 3 |
|
With the sites of rejection |
salt. ROTH, 1989 |
|
|
Air: |
|
D |
L |
35 mg/m 3 |
MIK |
Val.l.durée |
salt. BAUM, 1988 |
|
|
|
|
D |
L |
110 mg/m 3 |
MIK |
Valley C lasted 2) |
salt. BAUM, 1988 |
|
|
|
|
D |
L |
100 mg/m 3 |
|
1) |
salt. KÜHN & BIRETT, 1988 |
|
|
|
|
D |
G |
5 mg/m 3 |
|
3) |
salt. BGA, 1988 |
|
|
|
|
GDR |
L |
0,5 mg/m 3 |
|
Val.c.durée |
salt. HORN, 1989 |
|
|
|
|
GDR |
L |
0,06 mg/m 3 |
|
Val.l.durée |
salt. HORN, 1989 |
|
|
|
|
WHO |
G |
5 mg/m 3 |
|
24 H val.indic. |
salt. Lau-bw, 1989 |
|
|
|
|
WHO |
G |
8 mg/m 3 |
|
30 mn |
salt. Lau-bw, 1989 |
|
|
|
Emission |
D |
L |
100 mg/m 3 |
|
mass flow ³ 2 kg/h |
salt. Your-Luft, 1986 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
With |
(L) |
260 mg/m 3 |
|
Val.l.durée |
salt. MALTONI and Al, 1986 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
AUS |
(L) |
670 mg/m 3 |
|
Val.l.durée |
salt. WHO, 1987 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
B |
(L) |
670 mg/m 3 |
|
Val.l.durée |
salt. WHO, 1987 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
BG |
(L) |
10 mg/m 3 |
|
|
salt. MALTONI and Al, 1986 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
Br |
(L) |
525 mg/m 3 |
|
48 h/w |
salt. WHO, 1987 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
CH |
(L) |
345 mg/m 3 |
|
Val.l.durée, skin |
salt. WHO, 1987 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
CS |
(L) |
250 mg/m 3 |
|
4) |
salt. WHO, 1984 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
CS |
(L) |
1250 mg/m 3 |
|
Val.c.durée |
salt. WHO, 1984 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
D |
L |
345 mg/m 3 |
|
TRK (IIIB) |
DFG, 1989 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
GDR |
(L) |
300 mg/m 3 |
|
Val.l.durée |
salt. HORN, 1989 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
GDR |
(L) |
900 mg/m 3 |
|
Val.c.durée |
salt. HORN, 1989 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
E |
(L) |
110 mg/m 3 |
|
Val.l.durée |
salt. MALTONI and Al, 1986 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
AND |
(L) |
267 mg/m 3 |
|
Val.l.durée |
salt. MALTONI and Al, 1986 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
F |
(L) |
405 mg/m 3 |
|
Val.l.durée |
salt. MALTONI and Al, 1986 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
F |
(L) |
1080 mg/m 3 |
|
4) |
salt. MALTONI and Al, 1986 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
GB |
(L) |
678 mg/m 3 |
|
Val.l.durée |
salt. WHO, 1987 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
GB |
(L) |
1000 mg/m 3 |
|
10 mn |
salt. WHO, 1987 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
H |
(L) |
10 mg/m 3 |
|
Val.l.durée |
salt. WHO, 1987 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
H |
(L) |
50 mg/m 3 |
|
30 mn |
salt. WHO, 1987 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
I |
(L) |
400 mg/m 3 |
|
Val.l.durée |
salt. MALTONI and Al, 1986 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
I |
(L) |
1000 mg/m 3 |
|
Skin |
salt. MALTONI and Al, 1986 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
J |
(L) |
268 mg/m 3 |
|
Val.l.durée |
salt. MALTONI and Al, 1986 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
J |
(L) |
345 mg/m 3 |
|
4) |
salt. WHO, 1987 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
NL |
(L) |
190 mg/m 3 |
|
Val.l.durée |
salt. MALTONI and Al, 1986 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
NL |
(L) |
240 mg/m 3 |
|
Val.l.durée, skin |
salt. WHO, 1987 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
PL |
(L) |
60 mg/m 3 |
|
4) |
salt. WHO, 1987 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
RO |
(L) |
400 mg/m 3 |
|
Val.l.durée |
salt. WHO, 1987 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
RO |
(L) |
500 mg/m 3 |
|
4) |
salt. WHO, 1987 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
S |
(L) |
140 mg/m 3 |
|
1 day |
salt. WHO, 1987 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
S |
(L) |
350 mg/m 3 |
|
15 mn |
salt. WHO, 1987 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
SF |
(L) |
335 mg/m 3 |
|
|
salt. WHO, 1987 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
KNOWN |
(L) |
10 mg/m 3 |
|
4) |
salt. MALTONI and Al, 1986 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
The USA |
(L) |
335 mg/m 3 |
TWA |
|
ACGIH, 1986 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
The USA |
(L) |
1340 mg/m 3 |
STEL |
15 mn |
ACGIH, 1986 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
YU |
(L) |
10 mg/m 3 |
|
Val.l.durée |
salt. WHO, 1987 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
YU |
(L) |
200 mg/m 3 |
|
Val.l.durée |
salt. MALTONI and Al, 1986 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
D |
L |
100 µg/dl |
BEATS |
Blood |
DFG, 1989 |
|
|
|
Amb.prof. |
D |
L |
9,5 ml/m 3 |
BEATS |
Air alvéol. |
DFG, 1989 |
|
|
Food: |
D |
L |
1 mg/kg |
|
|
salt. BGA, 1988 |
||
|
|
|
D |
L |
0,1 mg/kg |
|
|
salt. UMWELT, 1989 |
|
|
|
|
D |
L |
0,2 mg/kg |
|
5) |
salt. UMWELT, 1989 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cosmetics: |
D |
L |
0 mg/kg |
|
Prohibition |
salt. DVGW, 1985 |
||
|
|
|
EC |
L |
0 mg/kg |
|
Prohibition |
salt. WHO, 1984 |
|
Note:
1) For a mass flow of 2 kg/h and more
2) In the 4 hours space with 30 minutes maximum going beyond
3) Air in closed room
4) maximum Valeur
5) cumulated Valeur several solvents in a foodstuff
VALUES COMPARATIVES/de REFERENCE:
|
Milieu/origine |
Country |
Value |
Source |
|
Surface water: |
|
|
|
|
The Rhine (Basle, 1982) |
D |
0,18-1,73 µg/l |
salt. DVGW, 1985 |
|
The Rhine (Karlsruhe, 1982) |
D |
0,2-1,39 µg/l |
salt. DVGW, 1985 |
|
The Rhine (Wiesbaden, 1983) |
D |
0,14-4,1 µg/l |
salt. DVGW, 1985 |
|
The Rhine (Cologne, 1983) |
D |
0,16-0,63 µg/l |
salt. DVGW, 1985 |
|
Hand (Frankfurt, 1979) |
D |
0,35-2,8 µg/l |
salt. DVGW, 1985 |
|
The Ruhr (Witten, 1983) |
D |
0,1-0,6 µg/l |
salt. DVGW, 1985 |
|
Elba (1982/83) |
D |
0,2-9,3 µg/l |
salt. UBA, 1986 |
|
Weser (1982/83) |
D |
0,5-1 µg/l |
salt. UBA, 1986 |
|
The Danube (1983-1985) |
D |
0,1-2,8 µg/l |
salt. UBA, 1986 |
|
Drinking water: |
|
|
|
|
Wiesbaden (1980) |
D |
< 1,8 µg/l |
salt. DVGW, 1985 |
|
Taunus (1980) |
D |
< 10,5 µg/l |
salt. DVGW, 1985 |
|
Medmenham (1981) |
GB |
< 0,01 µg/l |
salt. DVGW, 1985 |
|
5 cities (1977) |
J |
0,2-0,6 µg/l |
salt. DVGW, 1985 |
|
22 cities (1977) |
The USA |
< 2 µg/l |
salt. DVGW, 1985 |
|
Gothenburg (1978) |
S |
< 0,008 µg/l |
salt. DVGW, 1985 |
|
Sediments: |
|
|
|
|
The Rhine (Hitdorf, 1982) |
D |
4 µg/kg |
salt. DVGW, 1985 |
|
The Ruhr (1972-1981) |
D |
4-36 µg/kg |
salt. DGVW, 1985 |
EVALUATION AND REMARKS
In the legislation of the Federal Republic of
Germany on the chemicals, the tetrachloroethene is not treated like a toxic
substance, but the risks of cancer were not excluded yet to date. The various
ways of contamination can be at the origin of serious lesions among the workers
strongly exposed over long periods.
The evaluation of this substance is made difficult
because of the addition of stabilizers of composition different to the
technical products from tetrachloroethene. Certain reactive hydrocarbons contained
in the stabilizing mixtures, like the épichlorohydrine and the 1,4-dioxanne,
could have cancerogenic properties. The underground drinking water and water
pollution proves to be alarming, because the tetrachloroethene is degraded only
slowly in subsoil waters.