Time Scale
Most hydraulic fracturing stimulation operations are completed in a matter of hours. A few, large, specialty stimulations have injected large volumes at high rates. Produced water reinjection and waterflooding are ongoing operations that can last for years. The consequences include substantial possibilities for poroelastic and thermoelastic stress field alterations and interaction with remote producers and injectors. Figure 2 shows a typical field situation (from Detienne et al., 1995).
Figure 2. Events during a cold water injection program showing thermal fracturing
(after Detienne et al., 1995).
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