Stimulation and Mitigation

The best practices, guidelines and summaries that are available, include:

• Matrix or Fractured? Your first task, in almost any aspect of produced water injection management is to determine whether or not you are injecting under matrix or fracturing conditions. Guidelines are provided for helping you to determine which scenario is the case. Once you have made this evaluation, you can proceed to evaluating mitigation and/or stimulation protocols.
• Damage Mechanisms: The next step in determining any sort of mitigation/stimulation is to be certain what the cause of the reduction in injectivity is. What are the main physical or chemical mechanisms by which produced water injectors are damaged. These include plugging, sand production, relative permeability degradation, corrosion, scaling and bacteria.

[Hint: Running your mouse over the blue titles "Matrix" or "Stimulation" will make more information appear. Click on the blue title or the new information to make it "disappear."]

Matrix:	Suppose that the degradation is occurring under matrix injection conditions. What are the relevant considerations for mitigation and/or stimulation?
Click here for a high level discussion of mitigation and stimulation considerations for matrix injectors. Various models have been developed in the last two decades or so for forecasting matrix injection performance. To effectively determine the need for stimulation, at least a qualitative understanding of future injector performance is required. This link provides an overview of models available, the pitfalls, and suggests logical procedures for using available matrix injection models. Water Quality is an especially important consideration for matrix injection. Some guidelines are available for determining the water quality parameters that you may need. Methods of analysis are available for appraising and using available matrix injection information. This field example demonstrates the philosophy of evaluating matrix injectors. What are the Best Practices for designing and performing matrix strimulation treatments? What are the Tools that have been developed for designing and performing matrix strimulation treatments? There are field examples that demonstrate important considerations for matrix stimulation.
Fractured:	Suppose that the degradation is occurring under fracturing injection conditions. What are the relevant considerations for mitigation and/or stimulation?
Various techniques have been developed for back-analysing stimulation treatments, for predicting when stimulation should be carried out, and for estimating the future success of the treatments. Salient points are provided. PEA-23 - the status quo. Even now, one of the best methodologies for estimating the injectivity decline associated with fractured injectors is to use the "PEA-23" relationship. Click on this link to understand the basics of the PEA-23 formulation, its advantages and its limitations. After reading this, you may wish to visit the link below which indicates how the PEA-23 relationship can be modified to be used in very high and very low permeability situations, for which the PEA-23 relationship was not explicitly designed. Modifications to the basic PEA-23 injectivity degradation relationship are possible. These can allow you to adapt the relationship for situations for which the relationship was not designed - very high and very low permeability environments. What are the Best Practices for designing and performing matrix strimulation treatments? What are the Tools that have been developed for designing and performing fractured injector strimulation treatments? There are field examples that demonstrate important considerations for fractured injector stimulation.




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